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Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
Because apoptosis cannot stop once it has begun, it is a highly regulated process. Apoptosis can be initiated through one of two pathways. In the intrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because it senses cell stress, while in the extrinsic pathway the cell kills itself because of signals from other cells.
Programmed cell death (PCD; sometimes referred to as cellular suicide [1]) is the death of a cell as a result of events inside of a cell, such as apoptosis or autophagy. [2] [3] PCD is carried out in a biological process, which usually confers advantage during an organism's lifecycle.
Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
The mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (or MAC), is an early marker of the onset of apoptosis. [2] [3] This ion channel is formed on the outer mitochondrial membrane in response to certain apoptotic stimuli. [4] MAC activity is detected by patch clamping mitochondria from apoptotic cells at the time of cytochrome c release. [5]
Gel electrophoresis is a standard technique that is frequently used to visualize DNA fragmentation (forming a ladder-like image on the gel), which is a characteristic of apoptosis and is associated with nuclear condensation (which characterizes pyknosis). Therefore, when referring to apoptosis, this technique is known as DNA laddering. Gel ...
This is a list of pathology mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialities, see this list of medical mnemonics . Acute intermittent porphyria: signs and symptoms