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The current theoretical model of the atom involves a dense nucleus surrounded by a probabilistic "cloud" of electrons. Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The definition of the word "atom" has changed over the years in response to scientific discoveries.
The school founder's traditional name Kanada means 'atom eater', [45] and he is known for developing the foundations of an atomistic approach to physics and philosophy in the Sanskrit text Vaiśeṣika Sūtra. [46] His text is also known as Kanada Sutras, or Aphorisms of Kanada. [47] [48]
It has a mass much greater than had been previously expected — almost as great as a gold atom. 1995 The D0 and CDF experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron discover the top quark. 1998 – The Super-Kamiokande (Japan) detector facility reports experimental evidence for neutrino oscillations, implying that at least one neutrino has mass. [32]
Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (/ ˈ h ʊ s ɜːr l / HUUSS-url, [14] US also / ˈ h ʊ s ər əl / HUUSS-ər-əl; [15] German: [ˈɛtmʊnt ˈhʊsɐl]; [16] 8 April 1859 – 27 April 1938 [17]) was an Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who established the school of phenomenology.
This was in a gold atom known to be 10 −10 metres or so in radius—a very surprising finding, as it implied a strong central charge less than 1/3000th of the diameter of the atom. The Rutherford model served to concentrate a great deal of the atom's charge and mass to a very small core, but did not attribute any structure to the remaining ...
Several scientists, such as William Prout and Norman Lockyer, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the fundamental units of the atom was more than 1,000 times smaller than an atom ...
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms. [2]: 1.1 It is the foundation of all quantum physics, which includes quantum chemistry, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science.
In the vortex theory of the atom, a chemical atom is modelled by such a vortex in the aether. Knots can be tied in the core of such a vortex, leading to the hypothesis that each chemical element corresponds to a different kind of knot. The simple toroidal vortex, represented by the circular "unknot" 0 1, was thought to represent hydrogen.