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Static equilibrium (economics), the intersection of supply and demand in any market; Sunspot equilibrium, an economic equilibrium in which non-fundamental factors affect prices or quantities; Underemployment equilibrium, a situation in Keynesian economics with a persistent shortfall relative to full employment and potential output
For example, a mixture of SO 2 and O 2 is metastable as there is a kinetic barrier to formation of the product, SO 3. 2 SO 2 + O 2 ⇌ 2 SO 3 The barrier can be overcome when a catalyst is also present in the mixture as in the contact process , but the catalyst does not affect the equilibrium concentrations.
Le Chatelier–Braun principle analyzes the qualitative behaviour of a thermodynamic system when a particular one of its externally controlled state variables, say , changes by an amount , the 'driving change', causing a change , the 'response of prime interest', in its conjugate state variable , all other externally controlled state variables remaining constant.
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
Equilibrium chemistry is concerned with systems in chemical equilibrium. The unifying principle is that the free energy of a system at equilibrium is the minimum possible, so that the slope of the free energy with respect to the reaction coordinate is zero.
Basic tools of econophysics are probabilistic and statistical methods often taken from statistical physics.. Physics models that have been applied in economics include the kinetic theory of gas (called the kinetic exchange models of markets [7]), percolation models, chaotic models developed to study cardiac arrest, and models with self-organizing criticality as well as other models developed ...
One example is the liquid–vapor critical point, the end point of the pressure–temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. At higher temperatures, the gas comes into a supercritical phase, and so cannot be liquefied by pressure alone.
In chemistry, chemical stability is the thermodynamic stability of a chemical system, in particular a chemical compound or a polymer. [1] Colloquially, it may instead refer to kinetic persistence, the shelf-life of a metastable substance or system; that is, the timescale over which it begins to degrade.