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The ruins of Beitin, the site of ancient Bethel, during the 19th century. Bethel (Hebrew: בֵּית אֵל, romanized: Bēṯ ʾĒl, "House of El" or "House of God", [1] also transliterated Beth El, Beth-El, Beit El; Greek: Βαιθήλ; Latin: Bethel) was an ancient Israelite city and sacred space that is frequently mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.
It runs from Megiddo and Hazor south to Beersheba by way of Shechem, [5] Bethel, Jerusalem, Ephrath and Hebron. Unlike the Via Maris and the King's Highway which were international roads crossing the territories of many peoples, the Ridge Route was wholly within the territory of ancient Israel. [citation needed]
[7] [12] [13] The extent to which a united Kingdom of Israel ever existed is also a matter of ongoing dispute. [14] [15] [16] Living in exile in the sixth century BC, the prophet Ezekiel has a vision for the restoration of Israel, [17] of a future in which the twelve tribes of Israel are living in their land again. [18]
Bethlehem of Galilee (Hebrew: בֵּית לֶחֶם הַגְּלִילִית, Beit Lehem HaGlilit; lit. "the Galilean Bethlehem") or Bethlehem-in-the-Galilee [2] is a moshav in northern Israel. Located in the Galilee near Kiryat Tivon , around 10 kilometres north-west of Nazareth and 30 kilometres east of Haifa , it falls under the jurisdiction ...
The name "Israel" first appears in the Merneptah Stele c. 1208 BCE: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more." [25] This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge, but an ethnic group rather than an organized state. [26]
Finkelstein also suggested that the biblical narratives surrounding the northern Israelite kings were composed either in Samaria or Bethel. After the fall of Israel during the 8th century, this information was brought to Judah, and later found its way into the Hebrew Bible. [15]
However, even by the time of the prophetess Deborah, Bethel is described as being in the land of the Tribe of Ephraim. [23] Some twenty years after the breakup of the United Monarchy, Abijah, the second king of Kingdom of Judah, defeated Jeroboam of Israel and took back the towns of Bethel, Jeshanah and Ephron, with their surrounding villages. [24]
It has widely been speculated that, based on location descriptions in the book, that the most plausible historical site for Bethulia is Shechem.Shechem was a large city in the hill-country of Samaria, on the direct road from Jezreel to Jerusalem, lying in the path of the enemy, at the head of an important pass and is a few hours south of Geba.