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The carbons of the chain are conventionally numbered from 1 to n, starting from the end which is closest to the carbonyl. If the carbonyl is at the very beginning of the chain (carbon 1), the monosaccharide is said to be an aldose, otherwise it is a ketose. These names can be combined with the chain length prefix, as in aldohexose or ...
The classic example is the conversion of glucose to arabinose as shown below. The reaction is named after the German chemist Alfred Wohl (1863–1939). The Wohl degradation. Let's say we have a kiliani-fischer synthesis, it basically removes the row of the C2 carbon, it shortens the carbon chain by one carbon.
A open-chain form of glucose makes up less than 0.02% of the glucose molecules in an aqueous solution at equilibrium. [58] The rest is one of two cyclic hemiacetal forms. In its open-chain form, the glucose molecule has an open (as opposed to cyclic) unbranched backbone of six carbon atoms, where C-1 is part of an aldehyde group H(C=O)−.
The number of distinct stereoisomers with the same diagram is bounded by 2 c, where c is the total number of chiral carbons. The Fischer projection is a systematic way of drawing the skeletal formula of an acyclic monosaccharide so that the handedness of each chiral carbon is well specified.
The smaller number is always used, not the sum of the constituents numbers. The side chains are: an ethyl- at carbon 4, an ethyl- at carbon 8, and a butyl- at carbon 12. Note: the −O−CH 3 at carbon atom 15 is not a side chain, but it is a methoxy functional group. There are two ethyl- groups. They are combined to create, 4,8-diethyl.
The glucose cycle can occur in liver cells due to a liver specific enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which catalyse the dephosphorylation of glucose 6-phosphate back to glucose. Glucose-6-phosphate is the product of glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis , where the goal is to increase free glucose in the blood due body being in catabolic state.
Cyclic compounds that have both carbon and non-carbon atoms present are heterocyclic carbon compounds, and the name refers to inorganic cyclic compounds as well (e.g., siloxanes, which contain only silicon and oxygen in the rings, and borazines, which contain only boron and nitrogen in the rings). [5]
Numbering of the carbon chain always begins at one bridgehead atom (where the rings meet) and follows the carbon chain along the longest path, to the next bridgehead atom. Then numbering is continued along the second longest path and so on. Fused and bridged bicyclic compounds get the prefix bicyclo, whereas spirocyclic compounds get the prefix ...