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RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A) or EIA-485, is a standard, originally introduced in 1983, defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced , and multipoint systems are supported.
USB-to-serial RS-232 adapters are often used with consumer, commercial and industrial applications and USB-to-serial RS-485/422 adapters are usually mainly used only with industrial applications. Currently, USB to TTL-level UART converters are used extensively by students and hobbyist as they can be directly interfaced to microcontrollers.
Many serial communication systems were originally designed to transfer data over relatively large distances through some sort of data cable.. Practically all long-distance communication transmits data one bit at a time, rather than in parallel, because it reduces the cost of the cable.
The data link layer FDL (Field bus Data Link) services [15] and protocols [16] work with a hybrid access method that combines token passing with a master/slave method. In a PROFIBUS DP network, the controllers or process control systems are the masters and the sensors and actuators are the slaves.
For UART to work the following settings need to be the same on both the transmitting and receiving side: Voltage level; Baud Rate; Parity bit; Data bits size; Stop bits size; Flow Control; For the voltage level, 2 UART modules work well when they both have the same voltage level, e.g 3V-3V between the 2 UART modules.
The Power Management Bus (PMBus) is a variant of the System Management Bus (SMBus) which is targeted at digital management of power supplies.Like SMBus, it is a relatively slow speed two wire communications protocol based on I²C.
Frequent use of a serial port is for a direct computer-to-computer connection. This requires an adapter called a null modem, which isn't actually a modem in the traditional sense, but rather a connector plug that simply crosses the complementary pins on two serial ports so the two sides can communicate.
Before signaling will work, the sender and receiver must agree on the signaling parameters: Full or half-duplex operation; The number of bits per character -- currently almost always 8-bit characters, but historically some transmitters have used a five-bit character code, six-bit character code, or a 7-bit ASCII.