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Rotaviruses (of Reoviridae) have been found to contain an enterotoxin which plays a role in viral pathogenesis. NSP4, is a protein that is made during the intracellular phase of the virion's life cycle and is known to have a primary function in intracellular virion maturation. [13]
Heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) are secretory peptides produced by some bacterial strains, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli [2] which are in general toxic to animals. These peptides keep their 3D structure and remain active at temperatures as high as 100 °C.
A type of aflatoxin, AFB1, is the most common mycotoxin that is found in human food and animal feed. [38] AFB1 targets the liver of both humans and animals. [38] Acute aflatoxicosis can make humans and animals have symptoms like abdominal pain, vomiting, and even death. [38]
Koch's postulation was proven correct by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De, who in 1951 studied and documented the effects of injecting rabbits with heat-killed cholera bacteria. [5] He concluded from this experiment that an endotoxin liberated upon disintegration of the bacteria was the cause of the symptoms of cholera. [ 5 ]
Of mammals, humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other primates, [39] and other animals as well (e.g., mice). A dose of 1 μg/kg induces shock in humans, but mice will tolerate a dose up to a thousand times higher. [40] This may relate to differences in the level of circulating natural antibodies between the two species.
Disease models are divided into three categories: homologous animals have the same causes, symptoms and treatment options as would humans who have the same disease, isomorphic animals share the same symptoms and treatments, and predictive models are similar to a particular human disease in only a couple of aspects, but are useful in isolating ...
Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a parasitic tapeworm that infects domestic animals and humans. The medical term for this infection in humans and other animals is sparganosis. [1] Morphologically, these worms are similar to other worms in the genus Spirometra. They have a long body consisting of three sections: the scolex, the neck, and the ...
Others (usually fungi that have evolved host-specificity) keep the host alive longer and progress onto systematically invading and infecting host tissues [6] (e.g. Ophiocordyceps spp.). Some host specialist entomopathogenic fungi have even evolved mechanisms of behavioral manipulation (e.g. Ophiocordyceps unilateralis - Zombie ant fungus) of ...