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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1-adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
It can be taken orally or by intravenous injection. [2] The formulation that is taken orally comes in short-acting and long-acting versions. [2] Propranolol appears in the blood after 30 minutes and has a maximum effect between 60 and 90 minutes when taken orally. [2] [6] Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. [2]
As the drug is delivered to the site of action extremely rapidly with IV injection, there is a risk of overdose if the dose has been calculated incorrectly, and there is an increased risk of side effects if the drug is administered too rapidly. [25]
It can be given by mouth or by injection into a vein. [4] Common side effects include low blood pressure with standing, dizziness, feeling tired, and nausea. [4] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, heart failure, and bronchospasm. [4]
The drug interactions between sedative-hypnotic agents and adjuvant agents suggest that dosing regimens cannot be fixed. [19] Instead, dosing should be based on adjusted body weight or estimated lean body weight, especially for obese patients. It is recommended that drug doses be titrated in brief intervals (around 20 to 60 seconds). [22]
Esmolol is considered a soft drug, [9] one that is rapidly metabolized to an inactive form. Esmolol is rapidly metabolized by hydrolysis of the ester linkage, chiefly by the esterases in the cytosol of red blood cells and not by plasma cholinesterases or red cell membrane acetylcholinesterase.
Positives: Pumping up the carb count twice a week will counteract side effects like keto flu, constipation and lack of energy that can sometimes accompany a super low-carb diet. Drawbacks and ...
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.