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R is a programming language for statistical computing and data visualization. It has been adopted in the fields of data mining, bioinformatics and data analysis. [9] The core R language is augmented by a large number of extension packages, containing reusable code, documentation, and sample data. R software is open-source and free software.
The image of a function f(x 1, x 2, …, x n) is the set of all values of f when the n-tuple (x 1, x 2, …, x n) runs in the whole domain of f.For a continuous (see below for a definition) real-valued function which has a connected domain, the image is either an interval or a single value.
A Lipschitz function g : R → R is absolutely continuous and therefore is differentiable almost everywhere, that is, differentiable at every point outside a set of Lebesgue measure zero. Its derivative is essentially bounded in magnitude by the Lipschitz constant, and for a < b , the difference g ( b ) − g ( a ) is equal to the integral of ...
Kronecker delta function: is a function of two variables, usually integers, which is 1 if they are equal, and 0 otherwise. Minkowski's question mark function: Derivatives vanish on the rationals. Weierstrass function: is an example of continuous function that is nowhere differentiable
If the function F returns false then the next function in Fs will be evaluated. If the function F returns {false, Y} then the next function in Fs with argument Y will be evaluated. If the function F returns R the higher-order function or_else/2 will return R. Note that X, Y, and R can be functions. The example returns false.
The function f : R → R defined by f(x) = x 3 − 3x is surjective, because the pre-image of any real number y is the solution set of the cubic polynomial equation x 3 − 3x − y = 0, and every cubic polynomial with real coefficients has at least one real root.
An arbitrary function φ : R n → C is the characteristic function of some random variable if and only if φ is positive definite, continuous at the origin, and if φ(0) = 1. Khinchine’s criterion. A complex-valued, absolutely continuous function φ, with φ(0) = 1, is a characteristic function if and only if it admits the representation
In mathematics, a real-valued function is a function whose values are real numbers. In other words, it is a function that assigns a real number to each member of its domain . Real-valued functions of a real variable (commonly called real functions ) and real-valued functions of several real variables are the main object of study of calculus and ...