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EPA HWFET driving cycle. The "highway" program or Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HWFET) is defined in 40 CFR 600.I. [10] It uses a warmed-up engine and makes no stops, averaging 48 mph (77 km/h) with a top speed of 60 mph (97 km/h) over a 10-mile (16 km) distance. The following are some characteristic parameters of the cycle:
Notes: All estimated fuel economy based on 15,000 miles (24,000 km) annual driving, 45% highway and 55% city (1) Conversion 1 gallon of gasoline=33.7 kW·h. (2) The 2014 i3 REx is classified by EPA as a series plug-in hybrid, while for CARB is a range-extended battery-electric vehicle (BEVx). The i3 REx is the most fuel economic EPA-certified ...
Specifically, for driving at an average of 60 kilometres per hour (37 mph), approximately 33% of the energy goes into exhaust and 29% is used to cool the engine; engine friction takes another 11%. The remaining 21% is split between rolling friction of tires (11%), air drag (5%), and braking (5%). [ 6 ]
A driving cycle is a series of data points representing the speed of a vehicle versus time.. Driving cycles are produced by different countries and organizations to assess the performance of vehicles in various ways, for example, fuel consumption, electric vehicle autonomy and polluting emissions.
A motorised bicycle allows human power and the assistance of a 49 cm 3 (3.0 cu in) engine, giving a range of 160 to 200 mpg ‑US (1.5–1.2 L/100 km; 190–240 mpg ‑imp). [ citation needed ] Electric pedal-assisted bikes run on as little as 1.0 kWh (3.6 MJ) per 100 km, [ 55 ] while maintaining speeds in excess of 30 km/h (19 mph).
Consumption map of a 1.5-litre three-cylinder diesel engine. A consumption map or efficiency map [1] is a chart that displays the brake-specific fuel consumption of an internal combustion engine at a given rotational speed and mean effective pressure, in grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh).
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 11 February 2025. Directionality of traffic flow by jurisdiction Countries by direction of road traffic, c. 2020 Left-hand traffic Right-hand traffic No data Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side or to the right side ...
When directions are needed routing can be calculated. On the fly traffic information (road closures, congestion) can be used to adjust the route. Dead reckoning using distance data from sensors attached to the drivetrain , an accelerometer , a gyroscope , and a magnetometer can be used for greater reliability, as GNSS signal loss and/or ...