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Artha as a concept includes multiple meanings. It is difficult to capture the meaning of artha, or related terms of dharma, kama and moksha, each in a single English word. [9] Artha, as a goal of life, involves the pursuit of wealth and power. Some traditions see it as the primary human objective, as noted in Manusmriti (2.224).
The Gautama Dharmashastra, Apastamba Dharmasutra and Yājñavalkya Smṛti, as examples, all suggest that dharma comes first and is more important than artha and kama. [ 5 ] Kama states the relative value of three goals as follows: artha is more important and should precede kama, while dharma is more important and should precede both kama and ...
Gṛhastha is considered to be the most intense of all four stages, where a man or woman pursues all four goals of life, with greater emphasis on first three - Dharma, Artha and Kama. [4] [5] [12] In contrast, Sannyasa is the stage where the individual renounces Artha and Kama, and pursues Moksha with a single minded pursuit. [4] [7]
Artha (prosperity, wealth, purpose, meaning, economic security) is one of the four aims of human life in Hinduism (Puruṣārtha), [35] the others being dharma (laws, duties, rights, virtues, right way of living), [36] kama (pleasure, emotions, sex) [37] and moksha (spiritual liberation). [38] Śāstra is the Sanskrit word for "rules" or "science".
Each philosophy prescribes the means to that end independently. According to Aksapada Gautama , liberation can be attained by true knowledge of the categories or padārthas . [ 4 ] According to the Vaisheshika school, all things that exist, which can be conceptualized, and that can be named are padārthas , the objects of experience.
The emergence of Karma as a central doctrine of the late Vedic and early Hindu tradition is due in part to the problem of theodicy. Given the inherent goodness of Ṛta and its absolute power over the operation of the universe, the presence of gross inequality and injustice in the world represented a serious religious, philosophical and ethical ...
Hindu art found its first inspiration in the Buddhist art of Mathura. The three Vedic gods Indra , Brahma and Surya were actually first depicted in Buddhist sculpture, as attendants in scenes commemorating the life of the Buddha, such as his Birth, his Descent from the Trāyastriṃśa Heaven , or his retreat in the Indrasala Cave . [ 13 ]
It is necessary for human life, essential for well-being of every individual, and wholesome when pursued with due consideration of dharma and artha. Unlike the precepts of some religions, kama is celebrated in Hinduism, as a value in its own right. [31] Together with artha and dharma, it is an aspect of a holistic life.