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Martell and Motekaitis (1992) use the most linear regions and exploit the difference in equivalence volumes between acid-side and base-side plots during an acid-base titration to estimate the adventitious CO 2 content in the base solution. This is illustrated in the sample Gran plots of Figure 1.
The equivalence point, or stoichiometric point, of a chemical reaction is the point at which chemically equivalent quantities of reactants have been mixed. For an acid-base reaction the equivalence point is where the moles of acid and the moles of base would neutralize each other according to the chemical reaction.
The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of common and uncommon Texas Instruments graphing calculators. Many of the calculators in this list have region-specific models that are not individually listed here, such as the TI-84 Plus CE-T, a TI-84 Plus CE designed for non-French European markets.
The equivalence point occurs between pH 8-10, indicating the solution is basic at the equivalence point and an indicator such as phenolphthalein would be appropriate. Titration curves corresponding to weak bases and strong acids are similarly behaved, with the solution being acidic at the equivalence point and indicators such as methyl orange ...
This was used to discern end points of titrations. [1] Wilhelm Böttger then developed the tool of potentiometric titration while working at Ostwald's Institute. [2] He used potentiometric titration to observe the differences in titration between strong and weak acids, as well as the behavior of polybasic acids.
Specific choices of give different types of Riemann sums: . If = for all i, the method is the left rule [2] [3] and gives a left Riemann sum.; If = for all i, the method is the right rule [2] [3] and gives a right Riemann sum.
The pH at the end-point or equivalence point in a titration may be calculated as follows. At the end-point the acid is completely neutralized so the analytical hydrogen ion concentration, T H, is zero and the concentration of the conjugate base, A −, is equal to the analytical or formal concentration T A of the acid: [A −] = T A.
Knots K 1 and K 2 are considered equivalent when there is an ambient isotopy which moves K 1 to K 2. This is the appropriate definition in the topological category. Similar language is used for the equivalent concept in contexts where one has a stronger notion of equivalence. For example, a path between two smooth embeddings is a smooth isotopy.