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An example of a vegetation type defined at the level of class might be "Forest, canopy cover > 60%"; at the level of a formation as "Winter-rain, broad-leaved, evergreen, sclerophyllous, closed-canopy forest"; at the level of alliance as "Arbutus menziesii forest"; and at the level of association as "Arbutus menziesii-Lithocarpus dense flora ...
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species and ecosystems in geographic space and through geological time.Organisms and biological communities often vary in a regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area. [1]
The term was suggested in 1916 by Clements, originally as a synonym for biotic community of Möbius (1877). [4] Later, it gained its current definition, based on earlier concepts of phytophysiognomy, formation and vegetation (used in opposition to flora), with the inclusion of the animal element and the exclusion of the taxonomic element of species composition.
Land Cover [8] [9] (million ha = 10 000 km 2) ; FAO code type [10] 1992 2001 2015 share change fm 92 note [6970] Artificial surfaces (including urban and associated areas) 26.04 34.33
Bee Lick Creek in the Jefferson Memorial Forest, a National Audubon Society wildlife refuge. A nature reserve (also known as a wildlife refuge, wildlife sanctuary, biosphere reserve or bioreserve, natural or nature preserve, or nature conservation area) is a protected area of importance for flora, fauna, funga, or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed ...
[4] The primary difference between rangeland and pasture is management; rangelands tend to have natural vegetation along with a few introduced plant species, but all managed by grazing, while pastures have forage that is adapted for livestock and managed, by seeding, mowing, fertilization and irrigation. [4]
Riparian zones may be natural or engineered for soil stabilization or restoration. [8] These zones are important natural biofilters, protecting aquatic environments from excessive sedimentation, polluted surface runoff, and erosion. [9] They supply shelter and food for many aquatic animals and shade that limits stream temperature change. [10]
Altitudinal zonation (or elevational zonation [1]) in mountainous regions describes the natural layering of ecosystems that occurs at distinct elevations due to varying environmental conditions. Temperature , humidity , soil composition, and solar radiation are important factors in determining altitudinal zones, which consequently support ...