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Signs of hyperestrogenism may include heightened levels of one or more of the estrogen sex hormones (usually estradiol and/or estrone), lowered levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and/or luteinizing hormone (due to suppression of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis by estrogen), and lowered levels of androgens such as testosterone (generally only relevant to males). [1]
Aromatase excess syndrome (AES or AEXS) is a rarely diagnosed genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an overexpression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the estrogen sex hormones from the androgens, in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating estrogens and, accordingly, symptoms of hyperestrogenism.
The American Board of Cosmetic Surgery reports surgery is the "most effective known treatment for gynecomastia." [ 64 ] Surgical treatment should be considered if the gynecomastia persists for more than 12 months, causes distress (ie physical discomfort or psychological distress), and is in the fibrotic stage. [ 65 ]
Estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in women [1] As a means of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia in men [7] [8] [10] In combination with progestins for endometriosis in women. Although initially used alone, progestins were added in the 1960s and 1970s. [11]
Men and women exhibit different symptoms for hypergonadism. A few of the symptoms that men can experience are increased sex drive, early balding, excessive muscle mass, and acne. Women can have symptoms such as, increased growth of facial hair, deepened voice, coarse body hair, and an irregular menstrual cycle. [5]
The metabolic clearance rate of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The production rate of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest ...
[67] [68] However, estrogen levels that are too high can impair male fertility by suppressing gonadotropin secretion and thereby diminishing intratesticular androgen levels. [62] As such, clomiphene citrate (an antiestrogen ) and aromatase inhibitors such as testolactone or anastrozole have shown effectiveness in benefiting spermatogenesis.
[5] [4] [16] It is an estrogen ester and a prodrug of estradiol in the body. [16] [5] [4] Because of this, it is considered to be a natural and bioidentical form of estrogen. [16] [17] [4] [18] Estradiol valerate was first described in 1940 and was introduced for medical use in 1954.