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A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series, allowing terms with negative exponents; it takes the form = and converges in an annulus. [6] In particular, a Laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity.
The Taylor series of any polynomial is the polynomial itself.. The Maclaurin series of 1 / 1 − x is the geometric series + + + +. So, by substituting x for 1 − x, the Taylor series of 1 / x at a = 1 is
Each term of this modified series is a rational function with its poles at = in the complex plane, the same place where the arctangent function has its poles. By contrast, a polynomial such as the Taylor series for arctangent forces all of its poles to infinity.
For the first term in the Taylor series, all digits must be processed. In the last term of the Taylor series, however, there's only one digit remaining to be processed. In all of the intervening terms, the number of digits to be processed can be approximated by linear interpolation. Thus the total is given by:
For given x, Padé approximants can be computed by Wynn's epsilon algorithm [2] and also other sequence transformations [3] from the partial sums = + + + + of the Taylor series of f, i.e., we have = ()!. f can also be a formal power series, and, hence, Padé approximants can also be applied to the summation of divergent series.
In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum.It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus.
Maclaurin attributed the series to Brook Taylor, though the series was known before to Newton and Gregory, and in special cases to Madhava of Sangamagrama in fourteenth century India. [6] Nevertheless, Maclaurin received credit for his use of the series, and the Taylor series expanded around 0 is sometimes known as the Maclaurin series. [7]
The next step is to multiply the above value by the step size , which we take equal to one here: h ⋅ f ( y 0 ) = 1 ⋅ 1 = 1. {\displaystyle h\cdot f(y_{0})=1\cdot 1=1.} Since the step size is the change in t {\displaystyle t} , when we multiply the step size and the slope of the tangent, we get a change in y {\displaystyle y} value.