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Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
In the RA-4 process, the bleach and fix are combined. This is optional, and reduces the number of processing steps. [12] Transparency films, except Kodachrome, are developed using the E-6 process, which has the following stages: A black and white developer develops the silver in each image layer. Development is stopped with a rinse or a stop bath.
The term alternative process refers to any non-traditional or non-commercial photographic printing process. Currently, the standard analog photographic printing process for black-and-white photographs is the gelatin silver process . [ 1 ]
Instant coffee is one of the ingredients in Caffenol, [14] a home-made, non-toxic black-and-white photographic developer. The other ingredients in the basic formula are ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and anhydrous sodium carbonate ; some recipes also include potassium bromide as a fog-reducing agent.
The process can also be applied to meats and vegetables to prepare bouillon or stock, [3] though the term is typically only used to describe boiled plant extracts, usually for medicinal or scientific purposes. [citation needed] Decoction is also the name for the resulting liquid.
Agfacolor. Ap-41 process (pre-1978 Agfa color slides; 1978-1983 was a transition period when Agfa slowly changed their color slide films from AP-41 to E6); Anthotype; Autochrome Lumière, 1903
C-41 is a chromogenic color print film developing process introduced by Kodak in 1972, [1] superseding the C-22 process.C-41, also known as CN-16 by Fuji, CNK-4 by Konica, and AP-70 by AGFA, is the most popular film process in use, with most, if not all photofinishing labs devoting at least one machine to this development process.
The calotype process produced a translucent original negative image from which multiple positives could be made by simple contact printing. This gave it an important advantage over the daguerreotype process, which produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.