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Only a comparatively small part of the head at term is represented by the face. The rest of the head is composed of the firm skull, which is made up of two frontal, two parietal, and two temporal bones, along with the upper portion of the occipital bone and the wings of the sphenoid. These bones are separated by membranous spaces, or sutures.
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull. It persists until approximately 18 months after birth. It is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture. The fetal anterior fontanelle may be palpated until 18 months.
Caput succedaneum typically presents as a soft, boggy, uneven mass that crosses cranial suture lines. The size of the caput is typically 1-2 cm deep with a varying circumference dependent on degree of injury. Petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses (bruises) may also be present. Since the fluid collection is not bound by suture lines, the swelling ...
If the suture is not present at birth because both frontal bones have fused (craniosynostosis), it will cause a keel-shaped deformity of the skull called trigonocephaly. Its presence in a fetal skull, along with other cranial sutures and fontanelles , provides a malleability to the skull that can facilitate movement of the head through the ...
The front of the skull often does not close until later, and those affected are often shorter than average. [1] Other symptoms may include a prominent forehead, wide set eyes, abnormal teeth, and a flat nose. [1] Symptoms vary among people; however, cognitive function is typically unaffected. [1]
Because the skull cannot expand perpendicular to the fused suture, it compensates by growing more in the direction parallel to the closed sutures. [3] Sometimes the resulting growth pattern provides the necessary space for the growing brain, but results in an abnormal head shape and abnormal facial features. [ 3 ]
Therefore, close monitoring of a newborn infant is prompted with a minimum of eight hour observation for all infants delivered by vacuum extractions or forceps deliveries. [11] A subgaleal hemorrhage may initially look like a caput succedaneum or a chignon because blood crosses the suture lines for all three conditions. [6]
In obstetrics, a cephalic presentation or head presentation or head-first presentation is a situation at childbirth where the fetus is in a longitudinal lie and the head enters the pelvis first; the most common form of cephalic presentation is the vertex presentation, where the occiput is the leading part (the part that first enters the birth canal). [1]