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Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (1259–1264) Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubids Golden Horde of the Mongol Empire (after 1264) Karamanid rebels Abbasid Caliphate: Mongol victory over the Abbasids, Ayyubids and Nizaris; Mamluk victory over the Mongols; Treaty of Aleppo; 1261 2nd Kyrgyz revolt against Mongol empire Mongol empire: Kem-Kemjiut state ...
The Mongol Warlords: Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, Hulegu, Tamerlane (2004) Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests (2001) excerpt and text search; Turnbull, Stephen. Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400 (2003) excerpt and text search; Primary sources. Rossabi, Morris. The Mongols and Global History: A Norton Documents ...
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history. [4] Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, extending northward into parts of the Arctic; [5] eastward and southward into parts of the Indian subcontinent, mounted invasions of Southeast Asia, and ...
However, the Toluid Civil War begins as various members of the Tolui family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in the division of the Mongol Empire. 1268: The Kaidu–Kublai war breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's ...
Expansion of the Mongol Empire. This is the timeline of the Mongol Empire from the birth of Temüjin, later Genghis Khan, to the ascension of Kublai Khan as emperor of the Yuan dynasty in 1271, though the title of Khagan continued to be used by the Yuan rulers into the Northern Yuan dynasty, a far less powerful successor entity, until 1634.
In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as the European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. [ a ] Thus most Mongol conquest and plundering took place during the warmer seasons, when there was sufficient grazing for their herds. [ 4 ]
This civil war, along with the Berke–Hulagu war and the subsequent Kaidu–Kublai war, greatly weakened the authority of the great khan over the entirety of the Mongol Empire, and the empire fractured into four khanates: the Golden Horde in Eastern Europe, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate in Iran, and the Yuan dynasty [a ...
A large army commanded by Hulegu, a prince of the Mongol Empire, attacked the historic capital of the Abbasid Caliphate after a series of provocations from its ruler, caliph al-Musta'sim. Within a few weeks, Baghdad fell and was sacked by the Mongol army—al-Musta'sim was killed alongside hundreds of thousands of his subjects.