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The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. [1] [2] Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour. [1] It is calculated to select patients for adjuvant treatment.
The result is a lifetime risk and a five-year risk based on factors that have been tied to a higher risk of breast cancer. For comparison, it also gives an average risk for U.S. women of the same ...
The site began in 1998 as a pen and paper questionnaire called the Harvard Cancer Risk Index. [2] In January 2000, The Harvard Cancer Risk Index developed into an online assessment and was renamed Your Cancer Risk, and offered assessments for four cancers: breast, colon, lung, and prostate. Six months later, eight additional cancers were added. [3]
Male individuals have a much lower risk of developing breast cancer than females. In developed countries, about 99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in female patients; in a few African countries, which represent the highest incidence of male breast cancer, males account for 5–15% of cases. [4]
Harmful mutations in BRCA2 - a gene responsible for repairing damaged DNA - significantly increase the risk of breast, ovarian, prostate and pancreatic cancers. About 45% of women who inherit a ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
Breast cancer is not a gender-specific disease; anyone who has breast tissue has a risk of getting breast cancer. Gendering guidelines for breast cancer excludes individuals who do not identify as female, which can potentially lead to late detection of breast cancer in those individuals.
Screening targeted towards women with above-average risk produces more benefit than screening of women at average or low risk for breast cancer. A 2013 Cochrane review estimated that mammography in women between 50 and 75 years old results in a relative decreased risk of death from breast cancer of 15% and an absolute risk reduction of 0.05%. [3]
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