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  2. Untranslatability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability

    The two areas which most nearly approach total untranslatability are poetry and puns; poetry is difficult to translate because of its reliance on the sounds (for example, rhymes) and rhythms of the source language; puns, and other similar semantic wordplay, because of how tightly they are tied to the original language.

  3. ILR scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILR_scale

    Grades may be assigned separately for different skills such as reading, speaking, listening, writing, translation, audio translation, interpretation, and intercultural communication. For some of these skills, the level may be referred to with an abbreviation, for example, S-1 for Speaking Level 1.

  4. Direct method (education) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_(education)

    No translation. Concepts are taught by means of objects or by natural contexts through the mental and physical skills of the teacher only. Oral training helps in reading, writing, listening and speaking simultaneously. Grammar is taught indirectly through the implication of the situation creation. [6]

  5. International English Language Testing System - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_English...

    Available in 2 modules: "Academic" and "General Training". The IELTS test partners also offer IELTS Life Skills, a speaking and listening test used for UK Visas and Immigration. Administrator: British Council, IDP Education, Cambridge Assessment English. Skills tested: Listening, reading, writing, and speaking of the English language. Purpose

  6. Communicative language teaching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_language...

    CLT also positions the teacher as a facilitator, rather than an instructor. Furthermore, the approach is a non-methodical system that does not use a textbook series to teach the target language but works on developing sound oral and verbal skills prior to reading and writing.

  7. Grammar–translation method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar–translation_method

    The grammar–translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Ancient Greek and Latin. In grammar–translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language.

  8. Reading - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading

    Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of symbols, often specifically those of a written language, by means of sight or touch. [1] [2] [3] [4]For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process involving such areas as word recognition, orthography (spelling), alphabetics, phonics, phonemic awareness, vocabulary, comprehension, fluency, and motivation.

  9. Hypernymy and hyponymy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymy_and_hyponymy

    An English-to-Japanese translator presented with a phrase containing the English word brother would have to choose which Japanese word equivalent to use. This would be difficult, because abstract information (such as the speakers' relative ages) is often not available during machine translation .