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2. Euler–Maclaurin formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler–Maclaurin_formula

   In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum. It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus. For example, many asymptotic expansions are derived from the ...

3. Summation by parts - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_by_parts

   A summation-by-parts (SBP) finite difference operator conventionally consists of a centered difference interior scheme and specific boundary stencils that mimics behaviors of the corresponding integration-by-parts formulation. [3][4] The boundary conditions are usually imposed by the Simultaneous-Approximation-Term (SAT) technique. [5] The ...

4. List of mathematical series - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_series

   List of mathematical series. This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. is a Bernoulli polynomial. is an Euler number. is the Riemann zeta function. is the gamma function. is a polygamma function. is a polylogarithm.

5. Trapezoidal rule - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule

   Trapezoidal rule. The function f (x) (in blue) is approximated by a linear function (in red). In calculus, the trapezoidal rule (also known as the trapezoid rule or trapezium rule) [a] is a technique for numerical integration, i.e., approximating the definite integral: The trapezoidal rule works by approximating the region under the graph of ...

6. Riemann sum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum

   Upper and lower methods make the approximation using the largest and smallest endpoint values of each subinterval, respectively. The values of the sums converge as the subintervals halve from top-left to bottom-right. In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum.

7. Abel's theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel's_theorem

   Abel's theorem allows us to evaluate many series in closed form. For example, when we obtain by integrating the uniformly convergent geometric power series term by term on ; thus the series converges to by Abel's theorem. Similarly, converges to. is called the generating function of the sequence Abel's theorem is frequently useful in dealing ...