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Aluminium oxide is used for its hardness and strength. Its naturally occurring form, corundum, is a 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness (just below diamond). It is widely used as an abrasive, including as a much less expensive substitute for industrial diamond. Many types of sandpaper use aluminium oxide crystals.
Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. [3] [4] It is a rock-forming mineral.It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. [7]
Aluminium oxides or aluminum oxides are a group of inorganic compounds with formulas including aluminium (Al) and oxygen (O). Aluminium (I) oxide (Al2O) Aluminium (II) oxide (AlO) (aluminium monoxide) Aluminium (III) oxide (aluminium oxide), (Al2O3), the most common form of aluminium oxide, occurring on the surface of aluminium and also in ...
Main sapphire-producing countries. Sapphire is a precious gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide (α-Al 2 O 3) with trace amounts of elements such as iron, titanium, cobalt, lead, chromium, vanadium, magnesium, boron, and silicon.
Aluminium (or aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than that of other common metals, about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air.
NiO rock salt crystal showing cation and oxygen vacancies. Defect sites can interfere with the stability of metal oxide surfaces, so it is important to locate and determine methods to control these sites. Oxides exhibit an abundance of point defect sites. In rocksalt surfaces, oxygen and metal cation vacancies are the most common point defects.
Aluminum oxide crystals. Germanium: This was the material in the first transistor invented by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley in 1947. It is used in some gamma-ray detectors and infrared optics. [27] Now it has become the focus of ultrafast electronic devices for its intrinsic carrier mobility. [26]
Solid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o solid-1675.7 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o solid: 50.92 J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p: 89.7248 J/(mol K) Liquid properties Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ f H o liquid-1620.57 kJ/mol Standard molar entropy, S o liquid: 67.24 J/(mol K) Heat capacity, c p: 192.5 J/(mol K) Gas ...
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