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2. Biomolecular condensate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomolecular_condensate

   Solid sol Example: cranberry glass In biology, the most relevant forms of phase separation are either liquid–liquid or liquid–solid, although there have been reports of gas vesicles surrounded by a phase separated protein coat in the cytoplasm of some microorganisms.

3. Tonicity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonicity

   Tonicity. In chemical biology, tonicity is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient; the water potential of two solutions separated by a partially-permeable cell membrane. Tonicity depends on the relative concentration of selective membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane which determine the direction and extent of ...

4. Circadian clock - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_clock

   In vertebrates, the master circadian clock is contained within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), a bilateral nerve cluster of about 20,000 neurons. [10] [11] The SCN itself is located in the hypothalamus, a small region of the brain situated directly above the optic chiasm, where it receives input from specialized photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina via the retinohypothalamic tract.

5. Sol–gel process - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol–gel_process

   The sol–gel process is a wet-chemical technique used for the fabrication of both glassy and ceramic materials. In this process, the sol (or solution) evolves gradually towards the formation of a gel-like network containing both a liquid phase and a solid phase. Typical precursors are metal alkoxides and metal chlorides, which undergo ...

6. DNA-encoded chemical library - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA-encoded_chemical_library

   DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECL) is a technology for the synthesis and screening on an unprecedented scale of collections of small molecule compounds. DECL is used in medicinal chemistry to bridge the fields of combinatorial chemistry and molecular biology. The aim of DECL technology is to accelerate the drug discovery process and in ...

7. Soil biology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_biology

   Soil biology is the study of microbial and faunal activity and ecology in soil. Soil life, soil biota, soil fauna, or edaphon is a collective term that encompasses all organisms that spend a significant portion of their life cycle within a soil profile, or at the soil- litter interface. These organisms include earthworms, nematodes, protozoa ...

8. Evolutionary biology - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biology

   Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth.

9. Phosphate-buffered saline - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate-buffered_saline

   Phosphate-buffered saline. Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) is a buffer solution (pH ~ 7.4) commonly used in biological research. It is a water-based salt solution containing disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride and, in some formulations, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The buffer helps to maintain a constant pH.