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CTCF. Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the CTCF gene. [5][6] CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V (D)J recombination [7] and regulation of chromatin architecture.
Insulator (genetics) An insulator is a type of cis-regulatory element known as a long-range regulatory element. Found in multicellular eukaryotes and working over distances from the promoter element of the target gene, an insulator is typically 300 bp to 2000 bp in length. [1] Insulators contain clustered binding sites for sequence specific DNA ...
Chromosome conformation capture. Chromosome conformation capture techniques (often abbreviated to 3C technologies or 3C-based methods [1]) are a set of molecular biology methods used to analyze the spatial organization of chromatin in a cell. These methods quantify the number of interactions between genomic loci that are nearby in 3-D space ...
Topologically associating domain. A topologically associating domain (TAD) is a self-interacting genomic region, meaning that DNA sequences within a TAD physically interact with each other more frequently than with sequences outside the TAD. [1] The median size of a TAD in mouse cells is 880 kb, and they have similar sizes in non-mammalian ...
The protein CTCF is involved in repressing expression of the gene, by binding to the H19 imprinting control region (ICR) along with Differentially-methylated Region-1 (DMR1) and Matrix Attachment Region −3 (MAR3). These three DNA sequences bind to CTCF in a way that limits downstream enhancer access to the IGF2 region. The mechanism in which ...
Insulated neighborhoods are defined as chromosome loops that are formed by CTCF homodimers, co-bound with cohesin, and containing at least one gene. [ 13][ 14] The CTCF/cohesin-bound regions delimiting an insulated neighborhood are called "anchors." One study in human Embryonic stem cells identified ~13,000 insulated neighborhoods that, on ...
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. [1][2] These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Enhancers are cis -acting.
The GAL4-UAS system is a biochemical method used to study gene expression and function in organisms such as the fruit fly. It is based on the finding by Hitoshi Kakidani and Mark Ptashne, [1] and Nicholas Webster and Pierre Chambon [2] in 1988 that Gal4 binding to UAS sequences activates gene expression. The method was introduced into flies by ...