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Annual world production of yttrium oxide had reached 600 tonnes (660 short tons) by 2001; by 2014 it had increased to 6,400 tonnes (7,000 short tons). [51] [67] Global reserves of yttrium oxide were estimated in 2014 to be more than 450,000
Yttrium oxide is used to stabilize the Zirconia in late-generation porcelain-free metal-free dental ceramics. This is a very hard ceramic used as a strong base material in some full ceramic restorations. [9] The zirconia used in dentistry is zirconium oxide which has been stabilized with the addition of yttrium oxide. The full name of zirconia ...
Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a ceramic in which the cubic crystal structure of zirconium dioxide is made stable at room temperature by an addition of yttrium oxide. These oxides are commonly called "zirconia" ( Zr O 2 ) and "yttria" ( Y 2 O 3 ), hence the name.
Most of the current supply of HREE originates in the "ion-absorption clay" ores of Southern China. Some versions provide concentrates containing about 65% yttrium oxide, with the HREE being present in ratios reflecting the Oddo–Harkins rule: even-numbered REE at abundances of about 5% each, and odd-numbered REE at abundances of about 1% each ...
The apparatus used in this process consists of a cup-shaped crucible surrounded by radio frequency-activated (RF-activated) copper coils and a water-cooling system. [3] [13] Zirconium dioxide thoroughly mixed with a stabilizer (normally 10% yttrium oxide) is fed into a cold crucible. Metallic chips of either zirconium or the stabilizer are ...
Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG, Y 3 Al 5 O 12) is a synthetic crystalline material of the garnet group. It is a cubic yttrium aluminium oxide phase, with other examples being YAlO 3 (YAP [2]) in a hexagonal or an orthorhombic, perovskite-like form, and the monoclinic Y 4 Al 2 O 9 (YAM [3]).
Previous analyses of iron oxide on Mars, based only on observations by spacecraft, didn’t detect any evidence of water, which led researchers to believe that the iron oxide must be hematite.
The oxides and hydroxides of yttrium are yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3) and yttrium hydroxide (Y(OH) 3), respectively, and they are both white solids which are hardly soluble in water. Among them, yttrium oxide can be prepared by heating yttrium carbonate or yttrium oxalate. Alternatively the oxychloride, Y 3 O 4 Cl can be heated in air to yield the ...