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Potassium permanganate (KMnO 4) oxidizes primary alcohols to carboxylic acids very efficiently. This reaction, which was first described in detail by Fournier, [10] [11] is typically carried out by adding KMnO 4 to a solution or suspension of the alcohol in an alkaline aqueous solution. For the reaction to proceed efficiently, the alcohol must ...
4-Nitrobenzoic acid is prepared by oxidation of 4-nitrotoluene using oxygen or dichromate as oxidants. [7] Alternatively, it has been prepared by nitration of polystyrene followed by oxidation of the alkyl substituent. This method proceeds with improved para/ortho selectivity owing to the steric protection of the ortho positions by the polymer ...
4-Nitrochlorobenzene is the organic compound with the formula ClC 6 H 4 NO 2. It is a pale yellow solid. It is a pale yellow solid. 4-Nitrochlorobenzene is a common intermediate in the production of a number of industrially useful compounds, including antioxidants commonly found in rubber .
Reactions are typically conducted in polar solvents such as alcohols. [1] Alkyl iodides are superior alkylating agents relative to the bromides, which in turn are superior to chlorides. As is typical for an S N 2 process, benzylic, allylic, and α-carbonylated alkyl halides are excellent reactants.
High concentrations of chloride and copper(II) chloride favor formation of a new product, chlorohydrin. Many mechanistic studies on the Wacker process have focused on pathway for formation of the C-O bond, the hydroxypalladation step. Henry inferred that coordinated hydroxide attacks the ethylene ligand, an internal (syn-) pathway. [11]
PCC is used as an oxidant.In particular, it has proven to be highly effective in oxidizing primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively.The reagent is more selective than the related Jones' Reagent, so there is little chance of over-oxidation to form carboxylic acids if acidified potassium permanganate is used as long as water is not present in the reaction mixture.
N-tert-Butylbenzenesulfinimidoyl chloride reacts with enolates, amides, and primary alkoxides by the same general mechanism. The Swern oxidation , which converts primary and secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones, respectively, also uses a sulfur-containing compound ( DMSO ) as the oxidant and proceeds by a similar mechanism.
Cyanuric chloride is employed as a reagent in organic synthesis for the conversion of alcohols into alkyl chlorides, [8] and carboxylic acids into acyl chlorides: [9]. It is also used as a dehydrating agent, e.g. in the conversion of amides to nitriles, [10] and for the activation of carboxylic acids for reduction to alcohols.