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Using the XOR swap algorithm to exchange nibbles between variables without the use of temporary storage. In computer programming, the exclusive or swap (sometimes shortened to XOR swap) is an algorithm that uses the exclusive or bitwise operation to swap the values of two variables without using the temporary variable which is normally required.
Graphs of functions commonly used in the analysis of algorithms, showing the number of operations versus input size for each function. The following tables list the computational complexity of various algorithms for common mathematical operations.
For 8-bit integers the table of quarter squares will have 2 9 −1=511 entries (one entry for the full range 0..510 of possible sums, the differences using only the first 256 entries in range 0..255) or 2 9 −1=511 entries (using for negative differences the technique of 2-complements and 9-bit masking, which avoids testing the sign of ...
Computing the carry-less product. The carry-less product of two binary numbers is the result of carry-less multiplication of these numbers. This operation conceptually works like long multiplication except for the fact that the carry is discarded instead of applied to the more significant position.
The run-time bit complexity to multiply two n-digit numbers using the algorithm is ( ) in big O notation. The Schönhage–Strassen algorithm was the asymptotically fastest multiplication method known from 1971 until 2007.
If a and b are integers in the range [0, N − 1], then their sum is in the range [0, 2N − 2] and their difference is in the range [−N + 1, N − 1], so determining the representative in [0, N − 1] requires at most one subtraction or addition (respectively) of N. However, the product ab is in the range [0, N 2 − 2N + 1].
The basic principle of Karatsuba's algorithm is divide-and-conquer, using a formula that allows one to compute the product of two large numbers and using three multiplications of smaller numbers, each with about half as many digits as or , plus some additions and digit shifts.
The definition of matrix multiplication is that if C = AB for an n × m matrix A and an m × p matrix B, then C is an n × p matrix with entries = =. From this, a simple algorithm can be constructed which loops over the indices i from 1 through n and j from 1 through p, computing the above using a nested loop: