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In nuclear physics, atomic physics, and nuclear chemistry, the nuclear shell model utilizes the Pauli exclusion principle to model the structure of atomic nuclei in terms of energy levels. [ 1 ] The first shell model was proposed by Dmitri Ivanenko (together with E. Gapon) in 1932. The model was developed in 1949 following independent work by ...
Nuclear physics. The interacting boson model (IBM) is a model in nuclear physics in which nucleons ( protons or neutrons) pair up, essentially acting as a single particle with boson properties, with integral spin of either 2 (d-boson) or 0 (s-boson). They correspond to a quintuplet and singlet, i.e. 6 states.
Curie. In nuclear physics, the valley of stability (also called the belt of stability, nuclear valley, energy valley, or beta stability valley) is a characterization of the stability of nuclides to radioactivity based on their binding energy. [ 1 ] Nuclides are composed of protons and neutrons.
mcnp.lanl.gov. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport (MCNP) [ 2 ] is a general-purpose, continuous-energy, generalized-geometry, time-dependent, Monte Carlo radiation transport code designed to track many particle types over broad ranges of energies and is developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory. Specific areas of application include, but are ...
The liquid drop model is one of the first models of nuclear structure, proposed by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1935. [5] It describes the nucleus as a semiclassical fluid made up of neutrons and protons, with an internal repulsive electrostatic force proportional to the number of protons. The quantum mechanical nature of these particles ...
Nuclear chemistry. Alpha decay is one type of radioactive decay, in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle, and thereby transforms (or "decays") into an atom with a mass number decreased by 4 and atomic number decreased by 2. Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and ...
Nuclear physics. In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleus or ...
Perrin discussed how this hypothesis might related to important then unexplained phenomena like the photoelectric effect, emission spectra, and radioactivity. [5]: 145 Perrin later credited Rutherford with the discovery of the nuclear model. [6] A somewhat similar model proposed by Hantaro Nagaoka in 1904 used Saturn's rings as an analog.