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  2. Vincenty's formulae - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenty's_formulae

    Vincenty Inverse (distance between points) Calculators from the U.S. National Geodetic Survey : Online and downloadable PC-executable calculation utilities , including forward (direct) and inverse problems, in both two and three dimensions (accessed 2011-08-01).

  3. Geodesics on an ellipsoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesics_on_an_ellipsoid

    The geodesic distance between opposite umbilical points is the same regardless of the initial direction of the geodesic. Whereas the closed geodesics on the ellipses X = 0 and Z = 0 are stable (a geodesic initially close to and nearly parallel to the ellipse remains close to the ellipse), the closed geodesic on the ellipse Y = 0 , which goes ...

  4. Geographical distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_distance

    Geographical distance or geodetic distance is the distance measured along the surface of the Earth, or the shortest arch length. The formulae in this article calculate distances between points which are defined by geographical coordinates in terms of latitude and longitude. This distance is an element in solving the second (inverse) geodetic ...

  5. Earth section paths - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_section_paths

    The inverse problem for earth sections is: given two points, and on the surface of the reference ellipsoid, find the length, , of the short arc of a spheroid section from to and also find the departure and arrival azimuths (angle from true north) of that curve, and . The figure to the right illustrates the notation used here.

  6. Meridian arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_arc

    Adrien-Marie Legendre showed that the distance along a geodesic on a spheroid is the same as the distance along the perimeter of an ellipse. [29] For this reason, the expression for m in terms of β and its inverse given above play a key role in the solution of the geodesic problem with m replaced by s , the distance along the geodesic, and β ...

  7. Great-circle navigation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_navigation

    The distance along the great circle will then be s 12 = Rσ 12, where R is the assumed radius of the Earth and σ 12 is expressed in radians. Using the mean Earth radius, R = R 1 ≈ 6,371 km (3,959 mi) yields results for the distance s 12 which are within 1% of the geodesic length for the WGS84 ellipsoid; see Geodesics on an ellipsoid for details.

  8. What’s the Texas law behind mutual combat? The statute is in the Texas Penal Code section 22.06. It boils down to this : Someone charged with assault can point to the victim’s consent to fight ...

  9. Helmert transformation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmert_transformation

    Convert from geodetic coordinates to geocentric coordinates: Calculation of x, y and z relative to the reference ellipsoid of surveying; 7-parameter transformation (where x, y and z almost always change by a few hundred metres at most, and distances by a few mm per km).