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[citation needed] He used about 1,500 US gallons (5,700 L) of urine [4] to produce just 120 grams of phosphorus. If he had ground up the entire residue he could have obtained many times more than this (1 litre of adult human urine contains about 1.4g of phosphorus salts, which amounts to around 0.11 grams of pure white phosphorus).
Sample of human urine. Urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in humans and in many other animals. In placental mammals, urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters to the urinary bladder and exits the urethra through the penis or vulva during urination.
The urine concentrations of sodium, chlorine and potassium may be used to investigate conditions such as abnormal blood electrolyte levels, acute kidney injury, metabolic alkalosis and hypovolemia. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Other electrolytes that can be measured in urine are calcium , phosphorus and magnesium .
Struvite crystals in a human urine sample with a pH of 9. Abundant amorphous phosphate crystals, several squamous and non-squamous epithelial cells and a few leukocytes can also be observed. Another image from the same urine sample as with the image on the left.
Urine can contain up to 90 percent of the nitrogen, up to 50 percent of the phosphorus, and up to 70 percent of the potassium present in human excreta. [ 36 ] The nutrients in compost from a composting toilet have a higher plant availability than dried feces from a typical urine-diverting dry toilet.
Placental mammals expel urine from the bladder through the urethra during urination. [1] ... great apes and humans, ... and phosphate, whether in ionic or in ...
Elemental phosphorus was first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate mines contain fossils because phosphate is present in the fossilized deposits of animal remains and excreta. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in a number of plant ecosystems.
The formation of urine takes place in microscopic structures called nephrons, about one million of which are found in a normal human kidney. Blood enters the kidney though the renal artery and flows through the kidney's vasculature into the glomerulus , a tangled knot of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule .