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The sequence can be used to prove that there are infinitely many prime numbers, as any prime can divide at most one number in the sequence. More strongly, no prime factor of a number in the sequence can be congruent to 5 modulo 6, and the sequence can be used to prove that there are infinitely many primes congruent to 7 modulo 12. [20]
All 14 squares in a 3×3-square (4×4-vertex) grid. As well as counting spheres in a pyramid, these numbers can be used to solve several other counting problems. For example, a common mathematical puzzle involves counting the squares in a large n by n square grid. [11] This count can be derived as follows: The number of 1 × 1 squares in the ...
For the avoidance of ambiguity, zero will always be a valid possible constituent of "sums of two squares", so for example every square of an integer is trivially expressible as the sum of two squares by setting one of them to be zero. 1. The product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of two squares, is itself a sum of two squares.
In writing a number as a sum of two squares, it is allowed for one of the squares to be zero, or for both of them to be equal to each other, so all squares and all doubles of squares are included in the numbers that can be represented in this way.
A square whose side length is a triangular number can be partitioned into squares and half-squares whose areas add to cubes. From Gulley (2010). The n th coloured region shows n squares of dimension n by n (the rectangle is 1 evenly divided square), hence the area of the n th region is n times n × n.
The left side of this identity describes a square number, while the right side describes a triangular number, so the result is a square triangular number. Falcón and Díaz-Barrero (2006) proved another identity relating Pell numbers to squares and showing that the sum of the Pell numbers up to P 4n +1 is always a square:
The formula for the difference of two squares can be used for factoring polynomials that contain the square of a first quantity minus the square of a second quantity. For example, the polynomial can be factored as follows: = (+) = (+) (+) As a second example, the first two terms of + can be factored as (+) (), so we have:
Later, in 1834, Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi discovered a simple formula for the number of representations of an integer as the sum of four squares with his own four-square theorem. The formula is also linked to Descartes' theorem of four "kissing circles", which involves the sum of the squares of the curvatures of four circles.
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