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Complex IV (EC 1.9.3.1) (also referred to as cytochrome c oxidase), is a proton pump driven by electron transport. This enzyme is a large transmembrane protein complex found in bacteria and inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes.
An efflux pump is an active transporter in cells that moves out unwanted material. Efflux pumps are an important component in bacteria in their ability to remove antibiotics. [1] The efflux could also be the movement of heavy metals, organic pollutants, plant-produced compounds, quorum sensing signals, bacterial metabolites and ...
Arsenite resistance (Ars) efflux pumps of bacteria may consist of two proteins, ArsB (TC# 2.A.45.1.1; the integral membrane constituent with twelve transmembrane spanners) and ArsA (TC# 3.A.4.1.1; the ATP-hydrolyzing, transport energizing subunit, as for the chromosomally-encoded E. coli system), or of one protein (just the ArsB integral membrane protein of the plasmid-encoded Staphylococcus ...
Bacteriorhodopsin is a light-driven proton pump. It is the retinal molecule that changes its isomerization state from all- trans to 13- cis when it absorbs a photon . The surrounding protein responds to the change in the chromophore shape, by undergoing an ordered sequence of conformational changes (collectively known as the photocycle). [ 17 ]
The first reports of drug resistant bacterial infections were reported in the 1940s after the first mass production of antibiotics. [3] Most of the RND superfamily transport systems are made of large polypeptide chains. [4] RND proteins exist primarily in gram-negative bacteria but can also be found in gram-positive bacteria, archaea, and ...
MDR pumps in the cell membrane extrudes many foreign substances out of the cells and some pumps can have a broad specificity. [1] MDR pumps exist in animals, fungi, and bacteria and likely evolved as a defense mechanism against harmful substances. There are seven families of MDRs and are grouped by homology, energy source, and overall structure ...
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria help tropical phytoplankton absorb carbon dioxide, creating a biological pump in the oceans. Tropical ocean bacteria help pump CO2 out of the atmosphere - new study Skip ...
Proteorhodopsin (also known as pRhodopsin) is a family of transmembrane proteins that use retinal as a chromophore for light-mediated functionality, in this case, a proton pump. pRhodopsin is found in marine planktonic bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes , but was first discovered in bacteria. [1] [2] [3] [4]