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For example, overly loud or high-pitched speech can come across to listeners as overly forceful while slow or nasal speech creates an impression of condescension. [ 9 ] These attributions, which are commonly found in patients with ASD, [ 9 ] partially account for why stilted speech has been considered a diagnostic criterion for the disorder. [ 8 ]
Typically the position of the sound within a word is considered and targeted. The sound appears in the beginning of the word, middle, or end of the word (initial, medial, or final). Take for example, correction of an "S" sound (lisp). Most likely, a speech language pathologist (SLP) would employ exercises to work on "Sssssss."
Disorder [30] Dotard [31] Downie: Used of people with Down Syndrome. A Dutch profanity sometimes appearing in English as "downy" and generally considered derogatory [32] Dumb: Especially when preceded by "the" [17] [22] Dummy and dumb Used of people with mental disabilities, or more generally people perceived as stupid or ignorant.
Neologistic paraphasias, a substitution with a non-English or gibberish word, follow pauses indicating word-finding difficulty. [13] They can affect any part of speech, and the previously mentioned pause can be used to indicate the relative severity of the neologism; less severe neologistic paraphasias can be recognized as a distortion of a real word, and more severe ones cannot.
Smith [15] offers the following definitions of major terms that are important in the world of speech and language disorders. Alternative and augmentative communication (AAC): Assistive technology that helps individuals to communicate; may be low-tech or high-tech; Articulation disorder: Atypical generation of speech sounds
Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. [20] Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God.
Dyslexia can affect reading fluency, decoding, reading comprehension, recall, writing, spelling, and sometimes speech and can exist along with other related disorders. [15] The greatest difficult those with the disorder have is with spoken and the written word. These issues present pertain but are not limited to:
Palilalia is similar to speech disorders such as stuttering or cluttering, as it tends to express itself only in spontaneous speech, such as answering basic questions, and not in automatic speech such as reading or singing; however, it distinctively affects words and phrases rather than syllables and sounds.