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2. Fixed allele - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_allele

   Fixed alleles were first defined by Motoo Kimura in 1962. [5] Kimura discussed how fixed alleles could arise within populations and was the first to generalize the topic. He credits the works of Haldane in 1927 [6] and Fisher in 1922 [7] as being important in providing foundational information that allowed him to come to his conclusion.

3. Fixation (population genetics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixation_(population_genetics)

   In population genetics, fixation is the change in a gene pool from a situation where there exists at least two variants of a particular gene in a given population to a situation where only one of the alleles remains. That is, the allele becomes fixed. [1]

4. Gene conversion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_conversion

   Gene conversion is the process by which one DNA sequence replaces a homologous sequence such that the sequences become identical after the conversion. [1] Gene conversion can be either allelic, meaning that one allele of the same gene replaces another allele, or ectopic, meaning that one paralogous DNA sequence converts another.

5. Neutral theory of molecular evolution - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_theory_of...

   According to ISM, selectively neutral mutations appear at rate in each of the copies of a gene, and fix with probability / (). Because any of the 2 N {\displaystyle 2N} genes have the ability to become fixed in a population, 1 / 2 N {\displaystyle 1/2N} is equal to μ {\displaystyle \mu } , resulting in the rate of evolutionary rate equation:

6. Loss of heterozygosity - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_heterozygosity

   The remaining copy of the tumor suppressor gene can be inactivated by a point mutation or via other mechanisms, resulting in a loss of heterozygosity event, and leaving no tumor suppressor gene to protect the body. Loss of heterozygosity does not imply a homozygous state (which would require the presence of two identical alleles in the cell).

7. Genetic drift - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_drift

   In these simulations, alleles drift to loss or fixation (frequency of 0.0 or 1.0) only in the smallest population. Assuming genetic drift is the only evolutionary force acting on an allele, after t generations in many replicated populations, starting with allele frequencies of p and q , the variance in allele frequency across those populations is

8. Mutation–selection balance - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation–selection_balance

   Nevertheless, the concept is still widely used in evolutionary genetics, e.g. to explain the persistence of deleterious alleles as in the case of spinal muscular atrophy, [5] [4] or, in theoretical models, mutation-selection balance can appear in a variety of ways and has even been applied to beneficial mutations (i.e. balance between selective ...

9. Soft selective sweep - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_selective_sweep

   The main difference between soft and hard selective sweeps lies in the expected number of different haplotypes carrying the beneficial mutation or mutations, and therefore in the expected number of haplotypes that hitchhike to considerable frequency during the selective sweep, and which remain in the population at the time of fixation.