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  2. Confounding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confounding

    The confounding variable makes the results of the analysis unreliable. It is quite likely that we are just measuring the fact that highway driving results in better fuel economy than city driving. In statistics terms, the make of the truck is the independent variable, the fuel economy (MPG) is the dependent variable and the amount of city ...

  3. Medical College Admission Test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test

    The AAMC provides official study materials for purchase on their website with hundreds of questions written by the developers of the MCAT, including four scored practice exams and one non-scored practice exam. [36] As of the 2023 MCAT testing cycle, 89.6% of students used official MCAT Practice Exams, while 61.2% of test-takers reported using ...

  4. Concept drift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_drift

    Concept drift generally occurs when the covariates that comprise the data set begin to explain the variation of your target set less accurately — there may be some confounding variables that have emerged, and that one simply cannot account for, which renders the model accuracy to progressively decrease with time. Generally, it is advised to ...

  5. Spurious relationship - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurious_relationship

    Graphical model: Whereas a mediator is a factor in the causal chain (top), a confounder is a spurious factor incorrectly implying causation (bottom). In statistics, a spurious relationship or spurious correlation [1] [2] is a mathematical relationship in which two or more events or variables are associated but not causally related, due to either coincidence or the presence of a certain third ...

  6. Construct validity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_validity

    Intervention studies where a group with low scores in the construct is tested, taught the construct, and then re-measured can demonstrate a test's construct validity. If there is a significant difference pre-test and post-test, which are analyzed by statistical tests, then this may demonstrate good construct validity. [23]

  7. Controlling for a variable - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlling_for_a_variable

    In other cases, controlling for a non-confounding variable may cause underestimation of the true causal effect of the explanatory variables on an outcome (e.g. when controlling for a mediator or its descendant). [2] [3] Counterfactual reasoning mitigates the influence of confounders without this drawback. [3]

  8. Simpson's paradox - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpson's_paradox

    The paradox can be resolved when confounding variables and causal relations are appropriately addressed in the statistical modeling [4] [5] (e.g., through cluster analysis [6]). Simpson's paradox has been used to illustrate the kind of misleading results that the misuse of statistics can generate. [7] [8]

  9. Paired difference test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paired_difference_test

    By pairing students whose values on the confounding variables are similar, a greater fraction of the difference in the value of interest (e.g. the standardized test score in the example discussed above), is due to the factor of interest, and a lesser fraction is due to the confounder.

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