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Secular Buddhism—sometimes also referred to as agnostic Buddhism, Buddhist agnosticism, ignostic Buddhism, atheistic Buddhism, pragmatic Buddhism, Buddhist atheism, or Buddhist secularism—is a broad term for a form of Buddhism based on humanist, skeptical, and agnostic values, valuing pragmatism and (often) naturalism, eschewing beliefs in the supernatural or paranormal.
Unlike other secularist frameworks, state atheism does not permit freedom of thought or the separation of government from personal belief. Because of this distinction, state atheism may or may not be considered a form of secularism. It is typically associated with Marxism and Communist states, in which it is described as "scientific atheism". [40]
[42] [43] According to Paul Kurtz, considered by some to be the founder of the American secular humanist movement, [44] one of the differences between Marxist–Leninist atheists and humanists is the latter's commitment to "human freedom and democracy" while stating that the militant atheism of the Soviet Union consistently violated basic human ...
[4]: 31 The distinction between secular and religious is most sharply drawn usually in dominantly religious contexts. [4]: 31 Also, there's considerable prevalence of atheism and agnosticism in ancient Asian texts. [18] Atheistic traditions have played a significant part in those cultures for millennia. [18] "Cultural religion" must be taken ...
Agnostic atheism — or atheistic agnosticism — is a philosophical position that encompasses both atheism and agnosticism.Agnostic atheists are atheistic because they do not hold a belief in the existence of any deity, and they are agnostic because they claim that the existence of a divine entity or entities is either unknowable in principle or currently unknown in fact.
Secular spirituality emphasizes humanistic qualities such as love, compassion, patience, forgiveness, responsibility, harmony, and a concern for others. [7] Du Toit argues aspects of life and human experience which go beyond a purely materialistic view of the world are spiritual; spirituality does not require belief in a supernatural reality or divine being.
Writers disagree on how best to define and classify atheism, [8] contesting what supernatural entities are considered gods, whether atheism is a philosophical position or merely the absence of one, and whether it requires a conscious, explicit rejection; however, the norm is to define atheism in terms of an explicit stance against theism.
Secular morality is the aspect of philosophy that deals with morality outside of religious traditions. Modern examples include humanism , freethinking , and most versions of consequentialism . Additional philosophies with ancient roots include those such as skepticism and virtue ethics .