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The hydraulic pressure changed according to engine speed and intake pressure. The typical opening variation was 37%. Alfa Romeo was the first manufacturer to use a variable valve timing system in production cars (US Patent 4,231,330). [10] The fuel injected models of the 1980 Alfa Romeo Spider 2000 had a mechanical VVT system.
The timing and lift profile of the valve opening events are controlled by the camshafts, through use of a carefully shaped lobe on a rotating shaft. The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft and, in the case of a four-stroke engine, rotates at half the speed of the crankshaft.
The Toyota K CVT transmission is a series of continuously variable transmissions (CVT) found in many Toyota and Lexus automobiles. The transmissions are manufactured for the company by Aisin, an automotive parts manufacturer that is part of the Toyota Group of companies.
Variable valve lift (VVL) is an automotive piston engine technology which varies the height a valve opens in order to improve performance, fuel economy or emissions. There are two main types of VVL: discrete, which employs fixed valve lift amounts, and continuous, which is able to vary the amount of lift.
The main components of a parking pawl mechanism are the parking gear, parking pawl, actuator rod, cam collar, cam plate, pivot pin, and parking pawl return spring. The mechanism assembly is designed so that the parking pawl tooth collides and overrides the parking gear teeth (ratchets) until a safe engagement speed for the vehicle is reached.
It also minimizes the space taken at the side of the car while opening the door, which makes it easier to open the doors while being parked on tight spaces with another parked car at the side. [3] The Koenigsegg Regera was the first car to be equipped with Autoskin, a feature which allowed this mechanism to be completely motorized by making the ...
Now, modern cars not only have automated controls, but they also have controls that are not directly used to drive the vehicle. These controls include air conditioning, navigation systems, on-board computers, in-car entertainment, windscreen wiper, and touchscreen panels. These controls vary in scope and design between different types of cars.
But just opening or closing the throttle valve by sending a new signal to the electric motor is an open loop condition and leads to inaccurate control. Thus, most, if not all, current ETC systems use closed loop feedback systems, such as PID control, whereby the ECU tells the throttle to open or close a certain amount. The throttle position ...