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In mathematics, a recurrence relation is an equation according to which the th term of a sequence of numbers is equal to some combination of the previous terms. Often, only k {\displaystyle k} previous terms of the sequence appear in the equation, for a parameter k {\displaystyle k} that is independent of n {\displaystyle n} ; this number k ...
The main idea is to express an integral involving an integer parameter (e.g. power) of a function, represented by I n, in terms of an integral that involves a lower value of the parameter (lower power) of that function, for example I n-1 or I n-2. This makes the reduction formula a type of recurrence relation. In other words, the reduction ...
The sequence () is decreasing and has positive terms. In fact, for all : >, because it is an integral of a non-negative continuous function which is not identically zero; + = + = () () >, again because the last integral is of a non-negative continuous function.
A line integral (sometimes called a path integral) is an integral where the function to be integrated is evaluated along a curve. [42] Various different line integrals are in use. In the case of a closed curve it is also called a contour integral. The function to be integrated may be a scalar field or a vector field.
Like the integral of the first kind, the complete elliptic integral of the second kind can be computed very efficiently using the arithmetic–geometric mean. [1] Define sequences a n and g n, where a 0 = 1, g 0 = √ 1 − k 2 = k ′ and the recurrence relations a n + 1 = a n + g n / 2 , g n + 1 = √ a n g n hold.
The Cauchy formula for repeated integration, named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, allows one to compress n antiderivatives of a function into a single integral (cf. Cauchy's formula). For non-integer n it yields the definition of fractional integrals and (with n < 0) fractional derivatives .
where li(z) is the integral logarithm and () is the binomial coefficient. It is also known that the zeta function, the gamma function, the polygamma functions, the Stieltjes constants and many other special functions and constants may be expressed in terms of infinite series containing these numbers. [1] [17] [18] [28] [29]
In cases where the integration is permitted to extend over equidistant sections of the interval [,], the composite Boole's rule might be applied. Given N {\displaystyle N} divisions, where N {\displaystyle N} mod 4 = 0 {\displaystyle 4=0} , the integrated value amounts to: [ 4 ]