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Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, ramoplanin, avoparcin and decaplanin, corbomycin, complestatin and the antitumor antibiotic bleomycin.
The basic peptidoglycan structure of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria comprises a sheet of glycan chains connected by short cross-linking polypeptides. Biosynthesis of peptidoglycan is a multi-step (11-12 steps) process comprising three main stages: formation of UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (UDPMurNAc) from N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc).
Location of human PGLYRP1 gene on chromosome 19 and schematic gene, cDNA, and protein structures with exons, introns, and protein domains indicated. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1, PGLYRP1, also known as TAG7, is an antibacterial and pro-inflammatory innate immunity protein that in humans is encoded by the PGLYRP1 gene. [5] [6] [7] [8]
The first PGRP was discovered in 1996 by Masaaki Ashida and coworkers, who purified a 19 kDa protein present in the hemolymph and cuticle of a silkworm (Bombyx mori), and named it Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein, because it specifically bound peptidoglycan and activated the prophenoloxidase cascade. [5]
Peptidoglycan or murein is a unique large macromolecule, a polysaccharide, consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer (sacculus) that surrounds the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. [1] The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β-(1,4) linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM).
Peptidoglycan binding domains have a general peptidoglycan binding function and a common core structure consisting of a closed, three-helical bundle with a left-handed twist. It is found at the N or C terminus of a variety of enzymes involved in bacterial cell wall degradation.
Ticarcillin's antibiotic properties arise from its ability to prevent cross-linking of peptidoglycan during cell wall synthesis, when the bacteria try to divide, causing cell death. [ citation needed ]
It possesses in vitro activity against a variety of Gram-positive pathogens [9] [10] including MRSA and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). [11] It is a once-weekly, two-dose antibiotic, the rights to which Actavis acquired when it bought Durata Therapeutics in 2014. [12]