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Rotarix vaccine for oral administration. Rotarix is a monovalent, human, live attenuated rotavirus vaccine containing one rotavirus strain of G1P[8] specificity.Rotarix is indicated for the prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis caused by G1 and non-G1 types (G3, G4, and G9) when administered as a 2-dose series in infants and children. [19]
There are so many opportunities for health impact in this group, and the new vaccines really offer us this whole new chance to revitalize health care for adolescents and prevention as an adolescent health issue." [4] Incorporating new vaccines into routine practice became a big priority for the NCIRD under Schuchat’s leadership.
Rotaviruses, noroviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses are known to cause viral gastroenteritis. [26] Rotavirus is the most common cause of gastroenteritis in children, [25] and produces similar rates in both the developed and developing world. [20] Viruses cause about 70% of episodes of infectious diarrhea in the pediatric age group. [13]
Each year, prior to 2006, rotavirus was responsible for more than 400,000 doctors visits, more than 200,000 emergency room visits, 55,000 to 70,000 hospitalizations, and 20 to 60 deaths in children under the age of 5. Globally, rotavirus is still the cause of approximately half a million deaths each year in children younger than 5 years of age.
A clinical and research program in pediatric gastroenterology and a gastroenterological research were established in the 1960s at the Royal Children’s Hospital in Melbourne by Charlotte Anderson. Later on an important center focused on nutrition and gut pathophysiology was established by Bertil Linquist in Lund, Sweden.
NSP4 is a viral enterotoxin that induces diarrhoea and was the first viral enterotoxin discovered. [56] It is a viroporin that elevates cytosolic Ca 2+ in mammalian cells. [57] NSP5 is encoded by genome segment 11 of rotavirus A. In virus-infected cells NSP5 accumulates in the viroplasm. [58]
Norovirus is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in adults, [31] but rotavirus is the most common cause in children under five years old. [32] Adenovirus types 40 and 41, [33] and astroviruses cause a significant number of infections. [34]
Transmission-based precautions are infection-control precautions in health care, in addition to the so-called "standard precautions". They are the latest routine infection prevention and control practices applied for patients who are known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents, including certain epidemiologically important pathogens, which require additional control ...