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Hydrogen peroxide is a chemical compound with the formula H 2 O 2.In its pure form, it is a very pale blue [5] liquid that is slightly more viscous than water.It is used as an oxidizer, bleaching agent, and antiseptic, usually as a dilute solution (3%–6% by weight) in water for consumer use and in higher concentrations for industrial use.
A closely related mixture, sometimes called "base piranha", is a 5:1:1 mixture of water, ammonia solution (NH 4 OH, or NH 3 (aq)), and 30% hydrogen peroxide. [2] [3] As hydrogen peroxide is less stable at high pH than under acidic conditions, NH 4 OH (pH c. 11.6) also accelerates its decomposition.
The major source of chemical bleaching is Hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 that contains a single bond, (–O–O–). When this breaks down it gives rise to very reactive oxygen specie, which is the active agent of the bleach. Around sixty percent of the world Hydrogen peroxide is used in chemical bleaching of textiles and wood pulp. [31]
Hydrogen peroxide is produced industrially by the anthraquinone process which involves using 2-alkyl-9,10-anthraquinones for hydrogenation. Many derivatives of anthraquinone are used but 2-ethylanthraquinone is common because of its high selectivity.
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VHP is produced from a solution of liquid H 2 O 2 and water, by generators specifically designed for the purpose. These generators initially dehumidify the ambient air, then produce VHP by passing aqueous hydrogen peroxide over a vaporizer, and circulate the vapor at a programmed concentration in the air, typically from 140 ppm to 1400 ppm, depending on the infectious agent to be cleared. [6]
Accelerated hydrogen peroxide (AHP) is a trademark [a] for solution of hydrogen peroxide whose antibacterial efficacy is enhanced by a surfactant and an organic acid. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is also a disinfectant / cleaning agent that stabilizes hydrogen peroxide so that it can be used for extended periods of time.
Hydroxyl radicals are produced with the help of one or more primary oxidants (e.g. ozone, hydrogen peroxide, oxygen) and/or energy sources (e.g. ultraviolet light) or catalysts (e.g. titanium dioxide). Precise, pre-programmed dosages, sequences and combinations of these reagents are applied in order to obtain a maximum •OH yield.