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Extreme metaphysical nihilism, also sometimes called ontological nihilism, is the position that nothing actually exists at all. [103] [104] The American Heritage Medical Dictionary defines one form of nihilism as "An extreme form of skepticism that denies all existence". [105] A similar skepticism concerning the concrete world can be found in ...
Existential nihilism is the philosophical theory that life has no objective meaning or purpose. [1] The inherent meaninglessness of life is largely explored in the philosophical school of existentialism , where one can potentially create their own subjective "meaning" or "purpose".
Its cause, in his opinion, was the growth in European nationalism and the endemic "jealousy and hatred" of Jewish success. [168] He wrote that Jews should be thanked for helping uphold a respect for the philosophies of ancient Greece, [ 168 ] and for giving rise to "the noblest human being (Christ), the purest philosopher ( Baruch Spinoza ...
Moral nihilism (also called ethical nihilism) is the meta-ethical view that nothing is morally right or morally wrong and that morality does not exist. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Moral nihilism is distinct from moral relativism , which allows for actions to be wrong relative to a particular culture or individual.
Friedrich Nietzsche, in circa 1875. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) developed his philosophy during the late 19th century. He owed the awakening of his philosophical interest to reading Arthur Schopenhauer's Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung (The World as Will and Representation, 1819, revised 1844) and said that Schopenhauer was one of the few thinkers that he respected, dedicating to him ...
The term nihilism has been widely misused in the West when discussing the Russian movement, especially in relation to revolutionary activity. Criticizing this misterming by Western commentators, Sergey Stepnyak-Kravchinsky stated that revolutionaries themselves simply identified as socialist revolutionaries, or informally as radicals.
Mereological nihilism entails the denial of what is called classical mereology, which is succinctly defined by philosopher Achille Varzi: [2]. Mereology (from the Greek μερος, 'part') is the theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to part within a whole.
Pamela Health and Jon Klimo write that this concept is mostly associated with religious skepticism, secular humanism, nihilism, agnosticism, and atheism. [3] According to most modern neuroscience theories of consciousness, the brain is the basis of subjective experience, agency, self-awareness, and awareness of the surrounding natural world.