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In the 1953 edition of Railway Engineering William H. Hay says "The ruling grade may be defined as the maximum gradient over which a tonnage train can be hauled with one locomotive....The ruling grade does not necessarily have the maximum gradient on the division. Momentum grades, pusher grades, or those that must regularly be doubled by ...
These include simple rail adhesion, rack railways and cable inclines (including rail mounted water tanks to carry barges). To help with braking on the descent, a non-load-bearing "brake rail" located between the running rails can be used, similar to the rail used in the Fell system, e.g. by the Snaefell Mountain Railway on the Isle of Man.
Hillclimbing is a problem faced by railway systems when a load must be carried up an incline. While railways have a great ability to haul very heavy loads, this is only possible when the tracks are fairly level. As soon as the gradients increase, the tonnage that can be hauled is greatly diminished.
Istanbul Sirkeci Terminal opened in 1890 as the terminus of the Ottoman Empire's principal European railway line, serving also the famous Orient Express Turkish railways map (1918) Map showing the Ottoman railways on the eve of World War I. Rail transport in Turkey began in 1856 with the start of construction of the 130 kilometres (81 mi ...
Turkey has a state-owned railway system built to standard gauge (1,435 mm (4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in)) which falls under the remit of the Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure. The primary rail carrier is the Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları (TCDD) ( Turkish State Railways ) which is responsible for all long-distance and cross-border ...
Starting from the port, the line climbed steeply with a ruling gradient of 4.1% up the steep sides of the Barriles valley until it reached the plains. In order to minimise works such as bridges, tunnels , cuttings and embankments, and thus the cost of construction, the alignment comprised a reverse and 211 curves with a minimum radius of only 55m .
The gradient fell at 1 in 60 for some distance, then rising at a ruling gradient of 1 in 86 to Calne. Originally the line was operated under "one engine in steam" arrangements, but in the 20th century the electric train token system was used, with a signal box at Calne; this closed on 2 November 1964 when freight working was discontinued, and ...
From 1901, the line was upgraded to railway standard and typically operated by an E class (later Z20 class locomotive in the 1924 reclassification of locomotives) 2-6-4 side-tank locomotives. Starting in the 1950s, the usual locomotive power on the Camden Branch Line was provided by C30 class locomotives .