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This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Boiling point (°C) K b (°C⋅kg/mol) Freezing point (°C) ... Water: 100.00 0.512 0.00 –1.86 K b & K f [2] Ethyl Acetate: 77.1 [5] Acetic Anhydride: 139.0 [6 ...
If the reaction mixture is not anhydrous, this minor reaction pathway is suppressed as water acts as a competing base. [12] Oxidation of thiophenes may be relevant to the metabolic activation of various thiophene-containing drugs, such as tienilic acid and the investigational anticancer drug OSI-930. [16] [17] [18] [19]
If the two layers are heated together, the system of layers will boil at 53.3 °C, which is lower than either the boiling point of chloroform (61.2 °C) or the boiling point of water (100 °C). The vapor will consist of 97.0% chloroform and 3.0% water regardless of how much of each liquid layer is present provided both layers are indeed present.
Because acetic anhydride is not stable in water, the conversion is conducted under anhydrous conditions. To a decreasing extent, acetic anhydride is also prepared by the reaction of ketene with acetic acid at 45–55 °C and low pressure (0.05–0.2 bar). [8] H 2 C=C=O + CH 3 COOH → (CH 3 CO) 2 O (ΔH = −63 kJ/mol)
As 1,6-hexanediol contains hydroxyl groups, it undergoes the typical chemical reactions of alcohols such as dehydration, substitution, and esterification. Oxidation with pyridinium chlorochromate gives adipaldehyde. [6] Dehydration of 1,6-hexanediol gives oxepane, 2-methyltetrahydropyran and 2-ethyltetrahydrofuran.
As the anhydride will form trifluoroacetic acid in contact with water, an excess of the anhydride also serves to remove the solvent from the peroxide reactant: [9] CF 3 COOCOCF 3 + H 2 O → 2 CF 3 COOH. A more dilute hydrogen peroxide solution (30%) can be used to form trifluoroperacetic acid for some reactions from trifluoroacetic acid. [2] CF
A yellow liquid, it is the more useful of the two isomers of acetylthiophene. It is of commercial interest as a precursor to both thiophene-2-carboxylic acid and thiophene-2-acetic acid. [2] It is prepared by the reaction of thiophene with acetyl chloride in the presence of stannic chloride. [3]