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  2. Carbanion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbanion

    Formally, a carbanion is the conjugate base of a carbon acid: R 3 CH + B − → R 3 C − + HB. where B stands for the base. The carbanions formed from deprotonation of alkanes (at an sp 3 carbon), alkenes (at an sp 2 carbon), arenes (at an sp 2 carbon), and alkynes (at an sp carbon) are known as alkyl, alkenyl , aryl, and alkynyl anions ...

  3. E1cB-elimination reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E1cB-elimination_reaction

    The use of 11 C can be used to study the formation of the carbanion as well as study its lifetime which can not only show that the reaction is a two-step E1cB mechanism (as opposed to the concerted E2 mechanism), but it can also address the lifetime and stability of the transition state structure which can further distinguish between the three ...

  4. Negative hyperconjugation in silicon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_hyperconjugation...

    The continued presence of second-row type stability in certain organosilicon compounds is known as the silicon α and β effects, after the corresponding locants. These stabilities occur because of a partial overlap between the C–Si σ orbital and the σ* antibonding orbital at the β position, lowering the S N reaction transition state's energy.

  5. Indoleacetate decarboxylase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleacetate_decarboxylase

    The decarboxylation of indole-3-acetate is chemically difficult since it leaves an unstable carbanion because of the direct elimination of CO 2. This chemical reaction is promoted by 1-electron oxidation of indole-3-acetate through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which requires the transfer of the indolic-NH proton to a suitably ...

  6. Stability constants of complexes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_constants_of...

    Jannik Bjerrum (son of Niels Bjerrum) developed the first general method for the determination of stability constants of metal-ammine complexes in 1941. [1] The reasons why this occurred at such a late date, nearly 50 years after Alfred Werner had proposed the correct structures for coordination complexes, have been summarised by Beck and Nagypál. [2]

  7. Organopalladium chemistry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organopalladium_chemistry

    These intermediates too react with nucleophiles for example carbanions derived from malonate esters [4] or with amines in allylic amination [5] as depicted below [6] Allylpalladium intermediates also feature in the Trost asymmetric allylic alkylation and the Carroll rearrangement and an oxo variation in the Saegusa oxidation .

  8. Valley of stability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_stability

    The chart of those nuclides is also known as a Segrè chart, after the physicist Emilio Segrè. [3] The Segrè chart may be considered a map of the nuclear valley. The region of proton and neutron combinations outside of the valley of stability is referred to as the sea of instability. [4] [5]

  9. List of gaited horse breeds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_gaited_horse_breeds

    Gaited horses are horse breeds that have selective breeding for natural gaited tendencies, that is, the ability to perform one of the smooth-to-ride, intermediate speed, four-beat horse gaits, collectively referred to as ambling gaits.

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