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The average density of basalt is 2.9 g/cm 3, compared, for example, to granite’s typical density of 2.7 g/cm 3. [16] The viscosity of basaltic magma is relatively low—around 10 4 to 10 5 cP—similar to the viscosity of ketchup, but that is still several orders of magnitude higher than the viscosity of water, which is about 1 cP). [17]
The melting temperature of dry granite at ambient pressure is 1215–1260 °C (2219–2300 °F); [13] it is strongly reduced in the presence of water, down to 650 °C at a few hundred megapascals of pressure. [14] Granite has poor primary permeability overall, but strong secondary permeability through cracks and fractures if they are present.
120–290 psi Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives [citation needed] 1.1 MPa 162 psi Pressure of an average human bite [citation needed] 2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64] 5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa 700 psi
Anorthosite (/ ə ˈ n ɔːr θ ə s aɪ t /) is a phaneritic, intrusive igneous rock characterized by its composition: mostly plagioclase feldspar (90–100%), with a minimal mafic component (0–10%). Pyroxene, ilmenite, magnetite, and olivine are the mafic minerals most commonly present.
Granite requires a water content of 4 wt% at a pressure of 0.5 GPa (72,500 psi), but only 1.5 wt% at 0.1 GPa (14,500 psi) for phase separation to take place. [ 14 ] The volatiles (primarily water, borates , fluorides , chlorides , and phosphates ) are concentrated in the hydrous phase, greatly lowering its viscosity. [ 5 ]
MgO and SiO 2 concentrations in melts are among the variables that determine whether forsterite olivine or enstatite pyroxene is precipitated, [11] but the water content and pressure are also important. In some compositions, at high pressures without water crystallization of enstatite is favored, but in the presence of water at high pressures ...
The enormous lithostatic pressure exerted on the mantle prevents melting, because the temperature at which melting begins (the solidus) increases with pressure. The pressure in the mantle increases from a few hundred megapascals at the Moho to 139 GPa (20,200,000 psi ; 1,370,000 atm ) at the core-mantle boundary.
The chemistry of a cumulate can inform upon the temperature, pressure and chemistry of the melt from which it was formed, but the number of minerals which co-precipitate need to be known, as does the chemistry or mineral species of the precipitated minerals. [2] This is best illustrated by an example;