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  2. Ziran - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziran

    Ziran refers to a state of "as-it-isness," [5] the most important quality for anyone following Daoist beliefs. To become nearer to a state of ziran, one must become separate from unnatural influences and return to an entirely natural, spontaneous state. Ziran is related to developing an "altered sense of human nature and of nature per se". [6]

  3. Teleonomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleonomy

    Information accumulates about functions and structures that are successful, exploiting feedback from the environment via the selection of fitter coalitions of structures and functions. Robert Rosen has described these features as an anticipatory system which builds an internal model based on past and possible future states. [citation needed]

  4. Buridan's ass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buridan's_ass

    Andalusian philosopher Averroes (1126–1198), in commentary on Ghazali, takes the opposite view. [4] Although Buridan nowhere discusses this specific problem, its relevance is that he did advocate a moral determinism whereby, save for ignorance or impediment, a human faced by alternative courses of action must always choose the greater good ...

  5. Theory of mind in animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind_in_animals

    A method used to test ToM in human children has been adapted for testing non-human animals. The basis of the test is to track the gaze of the animal. One human hides an object in view of a second human who then leaves the room. The object is then removed. [14]

  6. Speciesism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism

    The British philosopher Roger Scruton regards the emergence of the animal rights and anti-speciesism movement as "the strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview", because the idea of rights and responsibilities is, he states, distinctive to the human condition, and it makes no sense to spread them beyond our own species. Scruton ...

  7. Jungian archetypes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungian_archetypes

    Archetypes are innate universal pre-conscious psychic dispositions, allowing humans to react in a human manner [42] as they form the substrate from which the basic themes of human life emerge. The archetypes are components of the collective unconscious and serve to organize, direct and inform human thought and behavior.

  8. Boreoeutheria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boreoeutheria

    Boreoeutheria (/ b oʊ ˌ r iː oʊ j uː ˈ θ ɛr i ə /, "northern eutherians") is a magnorder of placental mammals that groups together superorders Euarchontoglires and Laurasiatheria.

  9. List of feeding behaviours - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours

    Circular dendrogram of feeding behaviours A mosquito drinking blood (hematophagy) from a human (note the droplet of plasma being expelled as a waste) A rosy boa eating a mouse whole A red kangaroo eating grass The robberfly is an insectivore, shown here having grabbed a leaf beetle An American robin eating a worm Hummingbirds primarily drink nectar A krill filter feeding A Myrmicaria brunnea ...