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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, abbreviated as DHEA sulfate or DHEA-S, also known as androstenolone sulfate, is an endogenous androstane steroid that is produced by the adrenal cortex. [1] It is the 3β- sulfate ester and a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and circulates in far greater relative concentrations than DHEA. [ 2 ]
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone precursor. [4] It is one of the most abundant circulating steroids in humans. [5] DHEA is produced in the adrenal glands, [6] the gonads, and the brain. [7]
A congenital deficiency in the enzyme is associated with X-linked ichthyosis, a scaly-skin disease affecting roughly 1 in every 2,000 to 6,000 males. [7] [8] The excessive skin scaling and hyperkeratosis is caused by a lack of breakdown and thus accumulation of cholesterol sulfate, a steroid that stabilizes cell membranes and adds cohesion, in the outer layers of the skin.
The specific skin surface bacteria responsible are mainly Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium species. [2] The androstane steroids dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and androsterone sulfate have been detected in an extract of axillary hairs together with high concentrations of cholesterol.
DHEA was discovered, via isolation from male urine, by Adolf Butenandt and Hans Dannenbaum in 1934, and the compound was isolated from human blood plasma by Migeon and Plager in 1954. [9] [11] DHEA sulfate, the 3β-sulfate ester of DHEA, was isolated from urine in 1944, and was found by Baulieu to be the most abundant steroid hormone in human ...
Adrenal steroids are steroids that are derived from the adrenal glands.They include corticosteroids, which consist of glucocorticoids like cortisol and mineralocorticoids like aldosterone, adrenal androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), and androstenedione (A4), and neurosteroids like DHEA and DHEA-S, as well as pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate (P5-S).
A 2022 statement from the World Health Organization (WHO), defines the term this way: “Disease X is [used] to indicate an unknown pathogen that could cause a serious international epidemic.”
Androsterone is found in the human axilla and skin as well as in the urine. [13] It may also be secreted by human sebaceous glands. [13] It is described as having a musky odor similar to that of androstenol. [13] Androsterone has been found to affect human behavior when smelled. [13]