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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit, also known as the thoracic outlet. [1] There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. [1]
The superior thoracic aperture is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. It is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly; the first pair of ribs laterally, forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.
Linburg-Comstock variation - or conjoint flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus of the index; Sternalis muscle - or rectus thoracis; Psoas minor muscle; Palmaris profundus muscle; Pterygoideus proprius muscle; Styloauricularis muscle; Transversus nuchae muscle; Accessory popliteus muscle; Tensor fasciae suralis muscle ...
These variations can influence the efficiency of lymph drainage and immune responses. Confluence with Lymphatic and Venous Systems: The drainage patterns into the thoracic duct or directly into the venous system can vary among individuals. Atypical connections with other lymphatic structures or unusual terminations into the venous system may ...
The characteristic anatomy of the thoracic duct is present in only about half of individuals. [3]Origin. A cisterna chyli is absent in about half of individuals; the cisterna chyli fails to develop when the fusion of lumbar trunk during embryologic development occurs above the vertebral level of T12.
The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum .
The bony skeletal part of the thoracic wall is the rib cage, and the rest is made up of muscle, skin, and fasciae.. The chest wall has 10 layers, namely (from superficial to deep) skin (epidermis and dermis), superficial fascia, deep fascia and the invested extrinsic muscles (from the upper limbs), intrinsic muscles associated with the ribs (three layers of intercostal muscles), endothoracic ...
Thrombolysis is typically performed prior to first rib resection for venous thoracic outlet syndrome. First rib resection is indicated for venous , arterial , and neurogenic TOS. [ 1 ] In all cases, the goal of the operation is to increase the dynamic space between the chest wall and the clavicle , through which the subclavian vein, artery, and ...