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The sentence can be given as a grammatical puzzle [7] [8] [9] or an item on a test, [1] [2] for which one must find the proper punctuation to give it meaning. Hans Reichenbach used a similar sentence ("John where Jack had...") in his 1947 book Elements of Symbolic Logic as an exercise for the reader, to illustrate the different levels of language, namely object language and metalanguage.
A crucial aspect of meaning–text theory is the lexicon, considered to be a comprehensive catalogue of the lexical units (LUs) of a language, these units being the lexemes, collocations and other phrasemes, constructions, and other configurations of linguistic elements that are learned and implemented in speech by users of language.
V 0 = Verbal, output V having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except V): V 0 (analysis) = analyze. 9. Adv 0 = Adverbial, output Adv having a congruent meaning to L (which can be of any part of speech except Adv): Adv 0 (follow V [N]) = after [N] 10. S i = standard name of the i-th (Deep-Syntactic) actant of L.
Semantic satiation is a psychological phenomenon in which repetition causes a word or phrase to temporarily lose meaning for the listener, [1] who then perceives the speech as repeated meaningless sounds. Extended inspection or analysis (staring at the word or phrase for a long time) in place of repetition also produces the same effect.
A speech sample of Microsoft Sam, using the SAPI 5 version of the voice. The first part uses a variation of "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" panagram. The second part demonstrates the "soy/soi" glitch associated with Sam. Microsoft Sam is the default text-to-speech male voice in Microsoft Windows 2000 and Windows XP.
The title is a logogram which stands for Texting: The Great Debate. In his book, Crystal examines the use of text messaging and its effect on language and literacy . Based on research and experimental results, he disagrees with the popular view that the use of abbreviations and slang, such as those in SMS language , will lead to low literacy ...
eSpeak is a free and open-source, cross-platform, compact, software speech synthesizer.It uses a formant synthesis method, providing many languages in a relatively small file size. eSpeakNG (Next Generation) is a continuation of the original developer's project with more feedback from native speakers.
Software that converts text to voice is readily available and can be easily used to read out Wikipedia pages on-the-fly. See screen reader . The web-based Pediaphon service uses speech synthesis to generate MP3 audio files and podcasts of Wikipedia articles in different languages.